Samuel Hall: Position Paper - City Making in a Mobile World: Urban Mobility & Governance
Samuel Hall: Position Paper - City Making in a Mobile World: Urban Mobility & Governance

December 2024

Migration governance requires an increased focus on the urban at a time when “cities represent the future of global living”. 70% of the +100 million displaced people worldwide live in urban environments.

Among the three levels of migration governance - the global, the national, and the local - local actors and knowledge are thus increasingly gaining importance, in light of the withdrawal of national actors from addressing migration governance challenges, which underscores prevalent national protectionist patterns and translates to a neglect of migration issues and mandates by governments. The Global Compacts for Refugees and for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration, adopted in 2018, underline the centrality of the local level while encouraging whole-of-society approaches involving a range of local stakeholders in addressing mobility issues - which requires a better inclusion and participation of migrants, combined with access to basic services and urban development initiatives, to improve social cohesion.

This position paper, based on 14 years of experience conducting research on migration in urban areas in 75+ countries, on a review of academic and grey literature, and on interviews with global experts, contributes to this goal. It explores how the three approaches proposed above can help respond to the challenges of urban migration, and presents examples of their application through case studies from our research before outlining our agenda for urban migration research that supports local actors.

Read full paper here.

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Samuel Hallurban governance, urban migration, MIGRATION, urban mobility
DRC: Localisation of Protection Programming in Garissa & Turkana, Kenya
DRC: Localisation of Protection Programming in Garissa & Turkana, Kenya

October 2024

Within the context of commitments to durable solutions, since the World Humanitarian Summit 2016 and the Grand Bargain, there have been increased calls for those who are closest to crises to have more control of resources, increased agency and greater decision-making powers. The process of “localisation” aims to create more equitable, power sharing and decision-making systems that support those in need of protection.

The protection of refugees in Kenya is a critical issue, Kenya is host to two of the largest refugee camps in the world – in Garissa and Turkana counties, known as Kenya’s marginalised counties in the arid and semiarid land regions. Localisation holds the potential to foster sustainability by enabling an environment where vulnerable communities, like those affected by displacement, are able to handle challenges, thereby promoting local ownership and strengthening self-protection capacities.

The study focuses on the localisation of protection programming in Garissa and Turkana counties – and seeks a deeper understanding of the opportunities available and entry points for engagement with local actors supporting refugees and host communities. The research seeks to map out localisation efforts in Dadaab and Kakuma refugee camps, identifying entry points to new collaborations and engagement for more localised protection outcomes and draw out key information and recommendations from the challenges and lessons from international and local actors.

Read full report here

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Samuel HallDanish Refugee Council, garissa, Turukana, Dadaab, Kakuma, localisation, refugee camps
University of Shanghai, OCHA & Islamic Relief: Embracing Knowledge & Expertise: Women’s Leadership in Addressing Climate-Driven Humanitarian Emergencies in Afghanistan
University of Shanghai, OCHA & Islamic Relief: Embracing Knowledge & Expertise: Women’s Leadership in Addressing Climate-Driven Humanitarian Emergencies in Afghanistan

November 2024

Despite being one of the lowest greenhouse gas emitters globally, Afghanistan ranks eighth out of 170 countries in terms of climate vulnerability, facing frequent and severe natural disasters such as floods, flash floods, and droughts.

The intersection of climate change, gender dynamics, and mobility creates a unique set of challenges that
disproportionately affect Afghan women and girls due to the current socio-political context, gender norms, limited income, lack of access to higher education, and exclusion from decision-making processes.

This paper produced collaboratively by Samuel Hall, Islamic Relief, University of Shanghai and OCHA highlights stories of two Afghan women to underscore two crucial points: first, on how the climate response has been deeply enriched by the leadership and contributions of women.

Second, it underscores that the humanitarian sector’s localisation agenda, and the development sector’s Basic Human Needs (BHN) approach, cannot be fully realised without the meaningful inclusion of women and faith actors.

Read full paperhere.

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Samuel Hallwomen leadership, climate adaptive solutions, Afghanistan, Asia, pacific, humanitarian emergencies
Forced Migration Review: Financing Displacement Response
Forced Migration Review: Financing Displacement Response

November 2024

From humanitarian aid by wealthy governments to remittances from diaspora communities, responses to forced displacement are shaped by funding from an array of actors, in ways that express those actors’ interests and priorities. In recent years, new actors and new financing approaches have emerged.

What do these shifts mean for forcibly displaced people and displacement response strategies? How does displacement response financing interact with the choices of forcibly displaced people and their communities, with local and global economies, and with broader geopolitical events and trends? This issue advances understanding of these questions and others.

Find full magazine here.

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Samuel Hallhumanitarian aid, Displacement, Financing approaches, diaspora communities
NRC: Evaluation Final Report Final Evaluation of the project "Integrated Emergency Aid for Conflict-Affected Populations in the Northwest and Southwest Regions of Cameroon"
NRC: Evaluation Final Report Final Evaluation of the project "Integrated Emergency Aid for Conflict-Affected Populations in the Northwest and Southwest Regions of Cameroon"

October 2024

The Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC) has been present in Cameroon since 2017 as part of their mission to respond to the Southwest and Northwest(SW and NW) crisis. NRC’s project “Integrated Emergency Aid for Conflict-Affected Populations in the Northwest and Southwest Regions of Cameroon” focused on delivering multi-sectoral emergency assistance to communities in vulnerable situations, focusing on Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs).

Funded by USAID’s Bureau for Humanitarian Assistance (BHA), the project’s objectives align with the BHA’s mission of providing food and non-food international disaster aid to better support those in need of humanitarian assistance. NRC commissioned Samuel Hall to evaluate the success of their activities under the two phases of the projects entitled “Emergency Assistance and NFI Support for Vulnerable Communities Affected by Displacement in the Southwest and Northwest regions of Cameroon” from 2020 to 2022 and “Integrated Emergency Aid for Conflict-Affected Populations in the Northwest and Southwest Region of Cameroon” from 2022 to 2024.

Read full Report here.

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Samuel HallCameroon, Norwegian Refugee Council, IDPs, USAID, Samuel Hall, Africa
FAIR: Discourse and Policies: Silencing Returnees and the Need for More Inclusive Return Policies
FAIR: Discourse and Policies: Silencing Returnees and the Need for More Inclusive Return Policies

October 2024

In our latest paper as part of the Horizon Europe FAiR project, we explore two types of migration narratives: those told by migrants and those told about them by media, policymakers, and others. When these perspectives align or diverge, they influence critical areas like return, readmission, and reintegration policies.

Narratives by migrants correspond to personal testimonies shared by migrants themselves and provide first-hand evidence on motivations,
challenges, and experiences behind migration. In contrast, narratives about migrants are developed by media, policymakers, religious actors, and other third parties. Understanding where they align or misalign is key to analysing the impact of policies in the realm of return, readmission, and reintegration.

This paper is structured on the basis of an analysis of narratives and discourses about return in order to develop new approaches that incorporate narratives from returnees and ensure more inclusive policy processes.

Download the paper here

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Samuel Hall
ADSP: Expert Analysis: Water, climate, and refuge across Afghanistan and the sub-region
ADSP: Expert Analysis: Water, climate, and refuge across Afghanistan and the sub-region

October 2024

For over 40 years, Iran and Pakistan have been home to Afghan refugees. Today both countries host over 90% of the world’s Afghan refugees and other migrants in refugee like situations (over 8 million people). The region of Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iran also ranks as high or very high among countries at risk to impacts of climate change – where water, as a resource, is especially scarce. Afghanistan and Pakistan rank low on the capacity to deal with the impacts of climate change, whilst Iran is ranked as an upper-middle country. Any durable solution for Afghan displacement in the region must integrate concerns related to climate change, and resources, including – and especially water.

This expert analysis draws from interviews conducted in Pakistan, expert opinions, media reports, policy reports, and secondary data and provides three country profiles for Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iran. Focused on climate, water, and Afghan migration, each section provides pathways forward for durable solutions for displacement, climate change, and water, with an emphasis on regional cooperation.

Read full Expert Analysis here

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Samuel HallAfghanistan, Pakistan, Iran, Refugees, expert analysis, climate change, Water scarcity, policy
MIDEQ Research report: Children in migration
MIDEQ Research report: Children in migration

September 2024

This study sheds light on the realities faced by children migrating along corridors like Burkina Faso-Côte d'Ivoire, Ethiopia-South Africa, and Egypt-Jordan. In Burkina Faso, boys migrate to fulfil societal norms, while girls use migration to challenge those expectations. In Egypt, children adapt to new family roles, and in Ethiopia, child migration linked to labour is normalised, despite the severe risks like trafficking.

Drawing from our research with Save the Children on the dangers faced by child migrants along the Central Mediterranean Route, the study reveals their extreme vulnerability to trafficking and exploitation at border crossings. To tackle these challenges, it calls for context-specific interventions and advocates for stronger policies to protect child migrants in Ethiopia, Sudan, Egypt, and across the Central Mediterranean Route. The study also emphasises the need for dedicated programs to directly address the risks faced by young migrants and highlights the importance of collaboration among governments, NGOs, and international bodies.

Our research with MDEQ shows that while children in South-South migration are vulnerable and exposed to many risks, they are also capable of negotiating these challenges, developing coping mechanisms, and showing resilience. By adopting this positive approach, programmers and policymakers can better recognise and adapt to the strengths of these children, ensuring more effective and meaningful support.

Read full report here.

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Samuel HallMigration, ETHIOPIA, Burkina Faso, Egypt, jordan, South Africa, Child Migration
Samuel Hall & REHA: Harnessing Hope - Community Perceptions & Climate Adaptation in Afghanistan
Samuel Hall & REHA: Harnessing Hope - Community Perceptions & Climate Adaptation in Afghanistan

August 2024

Afghanistan ranks eighth among 170 nations in vulnerability to climate change—with nearly 60% of the population affected by climate shocks, compared to 19% by security-related shocks. While there have been efforts to address these issues, including bans on forest cutting and promoting reforestation, the ability of communities to cope with droughts, floods, and extreme weather has diminished.

It's evident that climate change is a crisis we cannot afford to ignore. It intersects with and impacts every aspect of life in Afghanistan, affecting everyone. This challenge also presents an opportunity—a call to engage actively and collaboratively to address this urgent issue and its far-reaching consequences.?

This brief launches the collaboration between Samuel Hall and REHA in Afghanistan. In June 2024, we signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to combine our expertise in both research ("soft") and implementation ("hard") activities addressing climate change response in Afghanistan. 

Our added value is to work with all stakeholders to solve this crisis for the benefit of the Afghan population. Our focus is on localising knowledge by engaging directly with communities and capturing their perceptions of climate change. This brief amplifies local voices—men, women, and children—to provide insights and recommendations that are both culturally relevant and practically actionable. 


Download here

Flip through it here

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Samuel HallAfghanistan, Knowledge Brief, Leaning Brief
ADSP Research brief: Durable Solutions Analysis, Jalalabad/Nangarhar
ADSP Research brief: Durable Solutions Analysis, Jalalabad/Nangarhar

August 2024

The Asia Displacement Solutions Platform (ADSP) is a joint initiative of the Danish Refugee Council (DRC), the International Rescue Committee (IRC), and the Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC) which works to contribute to the development of comprehensive solutions for displaced populations in Asia. Established in 2017, ADSP focuses on research initiatives to build an evidence base for its members and other humanitarian actors to facilitate joint advocacy and common understanding around durable solutions. Since 2022, Samuel Hall, a research organisation founded and based in Kabul, has been working with ADSP to build on existing data collected by members to create a space for research and advocacy on durable solutions.

The aim of this research brief is to go beyond data mapping on durable solutions to incorporate data sources from ADSP members, Samuel Hall, IOM and OCHA data, within a durable solutions analysis framework developed by the Regional Durable Solutions Secretariat (ReDSS) in the East and Horn of Africa. The research brief focuses on the specific context of Jalalabad and surrounding areas in Nangarhar, which is home to internally displaced persons (IDPs) and returnees,1 especially from Pakistan. Understanding city level data provides ways forward to fill in data gaps in support of durable solutions programming.

Download full brief here.

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Samuel HallAfghanistan, ADSP, DRC, NRC, displaced persons, Research brief
Islamic Relief: The Added Value of Faith Actors in Localisation: Opportunities and Barriers in Humanitarian Action
Islamic Relief: The Added Value of Faith Actors in Localisation: Opportunities and Barriers in Humanitarian Action

July 2024

Are faith actors the missing link in effective localisation efforts? 

The study commissioned by Islamic Relief Worldwide explores and analyses the unique contributions and challenges faced by faith actors (FAs) in humanitarian settings across Afghanistan, Pakistan, Ethiopia, Kenya, Palestine, and Mozambique.

Our findings reveal that contrary to common misconceptions, most faith actors are non-missionary, and their values align closely with humanitarian principles. They play a crucial role in providing mental health and psychosocial support, particularly in crisis situations, where they foster community solidarity and resilience. However, despite their potential, faith actors often face significant barriers, such as limited funding, structural challenges, and cultural misunderstandings that prevent their full engagement.

What the Report offers?

  • Beyond data and analysis, the report:

  • Debunks pervasive myths about faith actors 

  • Highlights the common values shared between faith and secular actors, promoting a more unified approach to humanitarian action. 

  • Through case studies, stories, and voices from the field, it brings to life the impactful work of faith actors in diverse contexts. 

  • Moreover, it provides concrete recommendations for both local actors and humanitarian organisations on overcoming challenges and integrating faith actors into the localising agenda.

Read the executive summary here and the full report here.

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Samuel HallFaith Actors, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Ethiopia, kenya, Palestine, Mozambique, humanitarian actors, localisation
HBS & RELON: Policy Brief: Strengthening Gender-Sensitive Responsiveness among RLOs in Kenya and Uganda
HBS & RELON: Policy Brief: Strengthening Gender-Sensitive Responsiveness among RLOs in Kenya and Uganda

June 2024

Refugee-led organisations (RLOs) are essential in bridging the gap between refugees and broader communities, facilitating services and advocating for refugee rights. Despite their crucial role, RLOs are often sidelined in decision-making processes. This policy brief aims to address these challenges by providing recommendations for donors and stakeholders.

 This brief results from a workshop held in Nairobi, supported by Heinrich Böll Stiftung (HBS) - Africa Migration Hub, Samuel Hall, RELON Kenya, and RELON Uganda and calls for the following policy recommendations

  1. Inclusive Decision-Making: Ensure RLOs have representation in all relevant decision-making bodies to influence policies directly affecting refugees.

  2. Financial Empowerment: Promote direct and sustainable funding approaches for RLOs to enhance their financial inclusion and long-term impact.

  3. Gender Transformative Agenda: Support RLOs in developing and implementing gender strategies to ensure gender inclusivity within their activities.

  4. Digital Advocacy: Enhance RLOs’ capacity to use digital media for advocacy, communication, and storytelling through additional training and resources.

Read full brief here.

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Samuel HallREFUGEE LED ORGANISATIONS, RLOs, Refugee rights, Nairobi, East Africa, Uganda, advocacy, empowerment
ADSP: Research Brief - Land Allocation Schemes for the Displaced in Afghanistan
ADSP: Research Brief - Land Allocation Schemes for the Displaced in Afghanistan

June 2024

In Afghanistan, over 6 million internally displaced persons (IDPs) are living in protracted displacement, representing the second largest IDP population group worldwide. In addition, over half a million Afghan refugees returned to Afghanistan from Pakistan in the fall of 2023. The displaced and returnees live often in informal settlements (ISETs) with no right to their land or housing, and at risk of forced evictions. Access to land or shelter has been for decades, and remains today, a fundamental challenge underscoring the need to examine responses to landlessness for the displaced.

Developed with Asia Discplacement Solutions Platfrom (ADSP) this Research Brief takes stock of past ‘Land Allocation Schemes’ in Afghanistan in order to better plan ahead. It provides an overview of these schemes, including in terms of their capacity to accommodate returnees, their shortcomings and successes, appropriateness and accessibility, notably as communicated by residents themselves. This is followed by a presentation of best practices, engagement opportunities and recommendations for meaningful engagement with the land-related needs of returnees and Internally Displaced Persons.

Read full Brief here

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Samuel Hallafghanistan, displacement, IDPs, ADSP, Research brief
HABITABLE: Rethinking habitability from ordinary experience in Kenya
HABITABLE: Rethinking habitability from ordinary experience in Kenya

May 2024

The consequences of climate change are particularly pronounced in Kenya, where 80% of the land is arid or semi-arid. Most stakeholders understand the short-and long-term risks for communities.

What critical and constructive perspective can the concept of habitability offer in this context? Based on fieldwork carried out in Kenya for the HABITABLE consortium, the aim of this article is to refine the contextual, in situ definition of habitability, using exclusively qualitative data, supplemented by video-mapping exercises.

Secondly, this paper tests the hypothesis of tipping points, understood as triggers for individual or collective decision-making. Finally, in the last part of our analysis, we propose rethinking socio-ecological systems in a dynamic way and conceiving habitability as both a common good in the making and a critical issue for the men and women living in Baringo, Makueni, and Eastleigh.

Rather than proposing a positivist view of habitability, this article suggests linking habitability more closely to the daily practices, habits, solidarities, and resistances that shape the ordinary lives of community residents and displaced persons.

Read full article here

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Samuel HallKenya, Climate change, Habitability, Qualitative data, Mobility
ADSP: Solutions for Afghan nationals ordered to return from Pakistan
ADSP: Solutions for Afghan nationals ordered to return from Pakistan

May 2024

Since 2022, Samuel Hall, has been working with Asia Displacement Solutions Platform (ADSP) to create a space for research and advocacy on durable solutions, building on existing data. The Asia Displacement Solutions Platform (ADSP) is a joint initiative of the Danish Refugee Council (DRC), the International Rescue Committee (IRC), and the Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC) which works to contribute to the development of comprehensive solutions for displaced populations in Asia. The aim of this series of briefs is to focus on the sub-regional protection needs of Afghan refugees, inform and raise awareness on the specific needs of demographic groups.

This Briefing Note focuses on the state of returns of Afghan nationals from Pakistan in the last quarter of 2023. It presents data collected from a mission in Afghanistan, to Torkham and Jalalabad, in November 2023, protection monitoring data collected by DRC and the Protection Cluster, and additional data from organisations working closely on the issue.

Read full Briefing note here.

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Samuel HallAsia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Refugees, DRC, IRC, ADSP
Planning for Inclusive Urban Solutions in Afghanistan - From the Protracted Displacement in an Urban World Consortium
Planning for Inclusive Urban Solutions in Afghanistan - From the Protracted Displacement in an Urban World Consortium

May 2024

Afghanistan hosts over 3.2 million internally displaced persons (IDPs) and over 17 million returnees, with half a million Afghan nationals repatriated from Pakistan in late 2023 alone. This reality calls for new investments in inclusive urban solutions.

Our research in Afghanistan through the Protracted Displacement in an Urban World (PDUW) project led by the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED)  from 2020 to 2023 focuses on long-term displacement experiences in urban areas and settlements - with the aim to build a robust evidence base to engage in a conversation with local actors and advocate for inclusive urban solutions through participatory forum planning processes.

This two-pager outlines the specifics of the research conducted in Afghanistan spanning from 2020 to 2024. The project comprised 889 initial surveys that informed 5 participatory forums engaging diverse stakeholders. The findings, based on three interrelated themes; wellbeing, livelihoods (with a particular focus on women), and urban city planning, provide invaluable insights into the overlooked dynamics of protracted displacement.

For a deeper understanding of the project's outcomes, please refer to the 2-pager and the attached outputs.

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Samuel HallIIED, Afghanistan, Livelihoods, Women, Urban Planning, Kabul, Jalalabad, Nangarhar, Barikab, Youth, displaced persons, internally displaced, Participatory Forum, City planning, PDUW
PACES: Decisions to stay and migrate in Algeria, Ethiopia and Nigeria, Scoping studies for the PACES project
PACES: Decisions to stay and migrate in Algeria, Ethiopia and Nigeria, Scoping studies for the PACES project

April 2024

Knowledge and understanding of people's decision to migrate is critical for policymakers' ability to develop migration policies.

The EU-funded PACES project – Making migration and migration policy decisions amidst societal transformations focuses on two parallel research components: the factors shaping migration decisionmaking and the mechanisms supporting migration policies. The project will combine theoretical and empirical knowledge from several academic disciplines and methodological paradigms to systematically investigate the interactions between migration decisions, policies, and broader social transformation.

PACES draws on data collected in Algeria, Ethiopia, Italy, Libya, Nigeria, Slovakia, and Spain to elaborate a heuristic model that identifies different constellations of conditions that influence decisions to stay and migrate at various stages of individual life trajectories and migrant journeys. This report presents three scoping studies carried out to examine and select the six research locations (secondary cities) in Algeria, Ethiopia and Nigeria.

Within this component, we explore how people’s decisions to stay and migrate are influenced by societal changes, individual life experiences and migration policies over time and as people move across different locations. We pay particular attention to the role of people's perceptions of their social and personal situation, as well as their values and expectations, as determining factors in decisions to stay or emigrate.

Read full report here.

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Samuel HallAlgeria, EU, ETHIOPIA, Italy, Libya, Nigeria, Slovakia, Spain, Migration, migration policies, PACES
IIED: City Note - Urban Solutions For Local Integration in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
IIED: City Note - Urban Solutions For Local Integration in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

February 2024

With recent political developments, refugees in Addis Ababa face numerous challenges in terms of livelihoods, basic services and protection. Their legal status remains a concern, as do government officials’ gaps in awareness about refugee rights and state obligations.

In Ethiopia, our study with IIED for the Protracted Displacement in Urban World project focussed on Eritrean refugees and hosts living in Addis Ababa and Eritrean refugees Semera Logia town and Aysaita camp. Quantitative surveys of 365 refugees and 153 hosts living in Gofa Mebrat Haile condominium, and 372 refugees in Semera Logia and 366 Asyaita camp were supplemented by 150 qualitative interviews in the three locations. The participatory forums were organised by research partners DICAC and MCMDO, with support from Samuel Hall and Cardiff University.

Discussions moved towards planning for city resourcing at a time of need, because allocations for refugees have been mainly targeted at camps, with very limited urban funding. Addis Ababa forum participants agree that hosting refugees requires human and financial/material capacity. This calls for a more holistic approach to urban displacement, starting in the capital and scaled across Ethiopia. The government’s Refugees and Returnees Service has committed to working more closely with city authorities. Participants committed to raising awareness among officials and civilians, and to involving both the host communities and refugees in the design of interventions.

Read here

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Samuel Hall
KNOMAD: Youth Migration & Development: A New Lens For Critical Times
KNOMAD: Youth Migration & Development: A New Lens For Critical Times

January 2024

Supported by World Bank and its TWG on youth & migration co-chaired by OECD & UNDP; Samuel Hall's paper with KNOMAD, “Youth Migration & Development: A New Lens for Critical Times”, aims to empirically validate conclusions in KOMADs scoping paper produced in 2022.

With case studies from Columbia, Jordan, Kenya, Mexico, Pakistan, Senegal, Thailand and Tunisia, the study employed innovative qualitative research methods, filling crucial research gaps and re-conceptualising ‘youth’ and ‘migration’ through the perspectives of the young people.

Through this study, we aimed to better understand how youth migrant integration behaviour differs across age cohorts, gender, sexual orientation, religion, and countries of origin and between migrants and non-migrants.

Download here

Read our scoping paper from 2022 here

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Samuel Hallyouth migration, Migration, displacement, Case study, Youth development
JLMP: Access To Justice and Gender-Responsive Reporting Mechanisms for Migrant Workers- A practical Guide for State Authorities
JLMP: Access To Justice and Gender-Responsive Reporting Mechanisms for Migrant Workers- A practical Guide for State Authorities

The Joint Labour Migration Programme (JLMP) is a long-term joint initiative of the African Union, the International Labour Organization (ILO), the International Organization for Migration (IOM), and the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) in coordination with relevant partners operating on the African continent, development cooperation actors, private sector organisations and civil society organisations (CSOs).

This Practical Guide offers instructions and a step-by-step process to develop a State-led accessible, rights-based and gender-responsive reporting mechanism for women and men migrant workers. It provides clear instructions for concerned State authorities to understand how to set up and run a State-led reporting mechanism that is gender-responsive and maximises safety and effectiveness. 

Moreover, this guide has been informed by and aligned with the main standard setting documents and frameworks on the subject, such as the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa, AU Declaration on the Protection and Promotion of the Rights of Migrant Workers and the AU Guidelines on Developing Bilateral Labour Agreements (BLAs), as well as the African Union’s Migration Policy Framework for Africa (AU MPFA 2018-2030) and the United Nations Guiding principles on business and human rights. 

Read full report here.

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Samuel HallMigrants, Africa, Refugees, Malawi, Morocco, Cote D'Ivoire, ILO, IOM, UNECA, CSOs, GENDER